Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of the Timed Up and Go test (best of three) and the Pediatric Balance Scale. TIMED UP AND GO TEST 3 n Range (s) Mean (SD) (s) year-old 46 5.3010.00 7.86 (1.03) 4 year-old 61 5.0012.02 7.30 (1.27) 5 year-old 65 6 year-old 16 4.7011.11 4.50-7.80 6.41 (1.10) 5.44 (0.81) Cut-off (s) % > cut-off 8.18 37.0 7.58 32.8 6.68 40 upper bound 5.99 18.8 PEDIATRIC BALANCE SCALE 3-3,5 3,5-4 year-old 11 37-52 28-53 43.6 (4.82) 46.0 (6.55) 45.41 54.5 301 > 1z (s) % > 1z > 2z (s) % > 2z 8.89 19.5 9.92 2.2 8.57 9.8 9.84 3.3 7.51 10.8 8.61 1.5 6.24 11.1 7.05 6.3 39 9.1 32 0.0 year-old 14 36-53 30-54 45.5 (4.42) 48.5 (5.02) 4-4,5 year-old 11 41-55 27-56 49.3 (3.82) 49.5 (5.76) 48.51 27.3 261 43 9.1 38 0.0 4,5-5 year-old 10 47-54 31-56 50.9 (3.00) 51.2 (5.07) 95% Confidence Interval 47.51 64.3 261 43 21.4 38 7.1 50.41 30.0 171 46 0.0 41 0.0 5-5,5 year-old 11 45-56 42-56 51.2 (4.19) 54.0 (2.52) 53.21 54.5 221 51 36.4 48 36.4 5,5-6 year-old 7 46-56 41-56 51.1 (3.98) 53.0 (3.20) 52.21 57.1 261 49 28.6 46 0.0 6-6,5 year-old 5 51-55 46-56 54.0 (1.73) 53.8 (2.49) 52.81 20.0 221 51 0.0 49 0.0 6,5-7 year-old 5 n 52-55 Range 47-56 Range1 53.8 (1.30) 54.4 (1.89) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) 1 Lower bound 53.31 Cut-off1 % < 20.0 61 52 cut-off % < cut-off1 Z-scores <-1z2 0.0 % < -1z 50 <-2z2 0.0 %<-2z Legend: n: number of children; SD: standard deviation; s: seconds; 1 values adopted from Franjoine et al 2010; 2Z scores for PBS were calculated with mean values and standard deviation adopted from Franjoine et al. TUG: 1z corresponds with the 85th percentile (P85) and 2z with the 97.7th percentile (P97.7). PBS: -1z corresponds with the 15th percentile (P15) and -2z with the 2.3rd percentile (P2.3). deviating balance control: 1) the upper bound of the 95% CI, were for 3-year-olds 8.18 seconds, 4-year-olds 7.58 seconds, 5-year-olds 6.68 seconds and for 6-year-olds 5.99 seconds, 2) z-scores (+1z/+2z) were for the 3-year-olds 8.89/9.92 seconds, 4-year-olds 8.57/9.84 seconds, 5-year-olds 7.51/8.61 seconds and for 6-year-olds 6.24/7.05 seconds. The PBS scores from our Belgian children are not situated within the existing reference values (95% CI)[7] for each age-category: in 3-year-olds 37.0% does not reach the cut-off, in 4-year-olds 32.8%, in 5-year-olds 40.0% and in 6-year-olds 18.8%. When z-scores (-1z/-2z) were used as cut-off point, the % of children below the cut-off decreased. Values can be found in table 1. The PBS can distinguish 3-year-old children from all other age-categories (p<0.01), whereas the TUG discriminates between all age-categories (p<0.05) except between 3 and 4-year-olds (table 2). The TUG correlates moderately with the PBS (r spearman =-0.61;p<0.001). Conclusions The TUG and PBS are complementary in detecting differences in balance control between age-groups in pre-school children. Therefore, both tests should be performed in 3 to 6-year-old children. References 1. Verbecque E, Lobo Da Costa PH, Vereeck L, Hallemans A. Psychometric properties of functional balance tests in children: a literature review. Dev Med Child Neurol – accepted 30/10/2014. 2. Nicolini-Panisson RD, D.M., Timed “Up & Go” test in children and adolescents. Rev Paul Pediatr., 2013 Sep(31(3)): p. 377-83. 3. Franjoine, M.R., et al., The performance of children developing typically on the pediatric balance scale. Pediatr Phys Ther, 2010. 22(4): p. 350-9. nummer 1 | maart 2015 | Sport & Geneeskunde 47 Pagina 46
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